Chattels Transfer Act

Jurisdiction: Tanzania
Citation: Chapter 210
Date: 31 July 2002
Language: English
Type: Legislation
Download: Download PDF (391.7 KB)

Tanzania

Chattels Transfer Act

Chapter 210

Published in Tanzania Government Gazette
Commenced on 2 October 1942
[This is the version of this document at 31 July 2002.]
[Note: This legislation has been thoroughly revised and consolidated under the supervision of the Attorney General's Office, in compliance with the Laws Revision Act No. 7 of 1994, the Revised Laws and Annual Revision Act (Chapter 356 (R.L.)), and the Interpretation of Laws and General Clauses Act No. 30 of 1972. This version is up-to-date as at 31st July 2002.]

[Ords. Nos. 25 of 1942; 42 of 1955¹; R.L. Cap. 210]¹Note: Section 21 of amending Ordinance No. 42 of 1955 provides that the provisions of sections 6, 7(1), 15, 23(1) and 48 of Cap. 210 shall apply to instruments executed, renewed or transferred before 1st July, 1956, the date the aforesaid amending Ordinance came into operation, as if the said amending Ordinance had not been enacted.An Act to make provision relating to chattel securities and the transfer of chattels.

Part I – Preliminary provisions (ss. 1-4)

1. Short title

This Act may be cited as the Chattels Transfer Act.

2. Interpretation

In this Act, unless the context requires otherwise—"authorised person" means a person or class of persons who is authorised by the Minister under the provisions of section 52;"chattels" means any movable property that can be completely transferred by delivery, and includes machinery, stock and the natural increase of stock as hereinafter mentioned, crops, and wool, but does not include—(a)title-deeds, things in action, other than a debt or negotiable instruments;(b)shares and interests in the stock, funds or securities of any Government or local authority;(c)shares and interests in the capital or property of any company or other corporate body; or(d)debentures and interest coupons issued by any Government, or local authority, or company, or other corporate body;"crops" means coffee berries, tea leaves, sisal leaves, sugar cane, cotton, hemp, hop, wheat, maize, wattle, barley, oats, and grass, whether for hay or for grain, and all cereal and root crops, fruit, and all other crops grown above or below the ground;"executed" means signed by the grantor or his attorney;"factory" or "workshop" means any premises on which any manual labour is exercised by way of trade or for purposes of gain in or about the making, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, or adapting for sale of any article or part of any article;"grantee" means the party to an instrument to whom chattels therein referred to, or any interest therein, are thereby granted or assigned, or agreed so to be, and includes his executors, administrators and assigns, and in the case of a company or corporation includes the successors and assigns of such company or corporation;"grantor" means the party to an instrument who thereby grants or assigns, or agrees to grant or assign, chattels therein referred to, or any interest therein, and includes his executors, administrators, and assigns, and in the case of a company or corporation includes the successors and assigns of such company or corporation;"instrument" means any instrument given to secure the payment of money or the performance of some obligation and includes any bill of sale, mortgage, lien, or any other document that transfers or purports to transfer the property in or right to the possession of chattels, whether permanently or temporarily, whether absolutely or conditionally, and whether by way of sale, security, pledge, gift, settlement, or lease, and also the following—(a)inventories of chattels with receipt thereto attached;(b)receipts for purchase-money of chattels;(c)other assurances of chattels;(d)declarations of trust without transfer;(e)powers of attorney, authorities, or licences to take possession of chattels as security for any debt;(f)any agreement, whether intended to be followed by the execution of any other instrument or not, by which a right in equity to any chattels, or to any charge or security thereon or thereover, is conferred;"instrument" does not include the following—(a)securities over, or leases of, fixtures (except "trade machinery" as hereinafter defined, when mortgaged or charged apart from the land to which it is attached) when mortgaged, charged or leased in any mortgage, charge or lease of any freehold or leasehold interest in any land or building to which they are affixed, and whether or not such fixtures are specifically included in such mortgage, charge or lease by mention thereof in separate words;(b)assignments for the benefit of the creditors of the person making the same;(c)transfers of or agreements to transfer instruments by way of security;(d)transfers or assignments of any ship or vessel or any share thereof;(e)transfers of chattels in the ordinary course of business of any trade or calling;(f)debentures and interest coupons issued by any Government or local authority;(g)bills of sale of chattels in any foreign parts, or at sea;(h)bills of lading, warehouse-keepers' certificates, warrants, or orders for the delivery of chattels, entries in auctioneers' books, or any other document used in the ordinary course of business as proof of the possession or control of chattels, or authorising or purporting to authorise, either by endorsement or delivery, the possessor of such document to transfer or receive the chattels thereby represented;(i)debentures and interest coupons issued by any company or other corporate body and secured upon the capital stock or chattels of such company or other corporate body;(j)mortgage or charges granted or created by a company incorporated or registered under the Companies Act²;²Cap. 212(k)hire-purchase agreements;(l)mortgages or charges granted or created by a co-operative society registered under the Co-operative Societies Act³;³Cap. 211(m)mortgages or charges deemed to have been granted or created by a Board established or deemed to have been established under the Agricultural Products (Control and Marketing) Act⁴ (repealed by the National Milling Corporation Act⁵);⁴R.L. Cap. 567⁵Cap. 160(n)mortgages and charges granted or created by the Tanzania Co-operative and Rural Development Bank⁶ or deemed to have been granted or created by the National Co-operative Bank registered under the Co-operative Societies Act⁷;⁶Cap. 88⁷Cap. 211"Minister" means the Minister responsible for lands;"prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;"Registrar" means the Registrar appointed under the provisions of section 3 and includes an Assistant Registrar;"registration" means the filing of an instrument with schedule or inventories, or a true copy thereof;"schedule" includes inventory;"stock" includes any sheep, cattle, horse, pig, poultry, and any other living animal;"trade machinery" means the machinery used in or attached to any factory or workshop and machinery and plant used in connection with the production, preparation or manufacture of agricultural products, but does not include—(a)the fixed motive powers, such as the waterwheels, and steam and other engines and the steam boilers, donkey engines and other fixed appurtenances of the said motive powers;(b)the fixed power machinery, (such as the shafts, wheels, drums and their fixed appurtenances), for transmitting the action of the motive powers to the other machinery, fixed and loose; or(c)the pipes for steam, gas and water.

3. Administration

The Minister shall appoint a Registrar to perform the duties and exercise the powers imposed and conferred by this Act, and may appoint any number of Assistant Registrars, who shall be subject to the directions of the Registrar.

4. Attornment or agreement giving power of distress by way of security to be instrument within meaning of Act

(1)An attornment or agreement, not being a mining lease, whereby a power of distress is given or agreed to be given by one person to another by way of security for any present, future, contingent debt or advance, and whereby any rent is reserved or made payable as a means of providing for the payment of interest on such debt or advance, or otherwise for the purpose of such security only, shall be deemed to be an instrument within the meaning of this Act so far as regards any chattels seized or taken under the power of distress.

(2)Where a mortgage of any interest in land, after entering, under the powers contained or implied in the mortgage, into possession of the mortgaged land, or into receipt of the rents and profits thereof, demises the said land or any part thereof to the mortgagor at a fair and reasonable rent, the instrument whereby such demise is effected shall not be deemed to be an instrument within the meaning of this Act.

Part II – Registration and renewal of registration (ss. 5-10)

5. Registration of instrument to be noticed

(1)All persons shall be deemed to have notice of an instrument and of the contents thereof and so soon as such instrument has notice been registered as provided by this Act.

(2)If registration of an instrument is not renewed pursuant to the provisions of this Act, prior registration shall not be deemed to operate as notice after the lapse of the period within which renewal is required by this Act.

6. Mode of registration

Registration of an instrument shall be effected by filing the instrument and all schedules endorsed on, annexed thereto, or referred to therein, or a true copy of such instrument and the schedules, in the office of the Registrar.

7. Register book and index to be kept

(1)The Registrar shall cause every instrument registered in his office under this Act to be numbered, and shall mark on each instrument, or on the filed copy thereof, the date of registration and the number, and shall at the time of registration enter in a register to be kept for the purpose in his office the particulars of the instrument registered according to the prescribed form.

(2)The Registrar shall also keep an index of the names of grantors and grantees of instruments and shall refer to the entries in the register book of the instruments given by each grantor.

(3)Such index shall be arranged in divisions corresponding with the letters of the alphabet, so that there shall be comprised in separate divisions all grantors and grantees—

(a)in the case of those bearing european names, whose surnames begin with the same letter;

(b)in the case of companies and business firms, whose registered or business names begin with the same letter; and

(c)in the case of others than those mentioned in (a) and (b), the first of whose names begin with the same letter,

but the arrangement within each such division need not be strictly alphabetical.

8. Fee on registration

There shall be paid to the Registrar upon the registration of every instrument such fees as may be prescribed.

9. Time for registration may be extended, and mistakes in register corrected

The High Court, on being satisfied that the omission to register an affidavit of renewal within the time prescribed by this Act or according to the form or effect required by this Act or that the omission or mis-statement in the Register or in any affidavit of the name, residence, or occupation of any person, or of any other matter was accidental or due to inadvertence, may order such omission or mis-statement to be rectified by extending the time for registration, or by the filing of a supplementary affidavit, or by the insertion in the register of the true name, residence, or occupation on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit.

10. Registration to be renewed every five years

(1)The registration of an instrument, whether executed before or after the coming into operation of this Act shall, during the subsistence of such instrument, be renewed in manner hereinafter mentioned once in every period of five years, commencing from the day of the registration.

(2)If not so renewed, the registration shall cease to be of any effect at the expiration of any period of five years during which a renewal has not been made as hereby required.

Mode of renewal

(3)The registration of an instrument shall be renewed by filing in the office of the Registrar an affidavit in the prescribed form or to the like effect.

(4)The Registrar shall number such affidavit as if the same were an instrument presented for registration, and renumber the instrument originally registered in the said office, or the filed copy thereof, with a similar number, and mark thereon the date of renewal of registration, and shall enter particulars of the instrument in the register book in like manner as on an original registration, and shall also enter the date of renewal of registration in the column provided therefor in the register book.

Fee on renewal

(5)There shall be paid to the Registrar upon the renewal of registration of any instrument the prescribed fee.

Part III – Searches and office copies (ss. 11-12)

11. Register book and instruments may be searched and viewed

The register books and indexes and every instrument registered or the filed copy thereof, may be searched and viewed by all persons during the office hours hours of the Registrar upon payment of the prescribed fee for every search against any one person.

12. Office copies may be obtained on payment

Any person shall be entitled to have an office copy or an extract of or from any instrument with the schedules filed therewith, or of or from the copy thereof registered as aforesaid, and an office copy of an affidavit filed under this Act, on paying the prescribed fee or if he makes such copy or extract himself the Registrar shall, upon satisfying himself that such copy or extract is correctly made, certify the same upon payment of the prescribed fee.

Part IV – Effect of non-registration (ss. 13-14)

13. Unregistered instruments to be void in certain cases

(1)Every instrument, unless registered in the manner hereinbefore provided, shall upon the expiration of twenty-one days from the execution of the instrument be deemed fraudulent and void as against—

(a)the official receiver or trustee in bankruptcy of the estate of the person whose chattels or any of them are comprised in any such instrument;

(b)the assignee or trustee acting under any assignment for the benefit of the creditors of such person;

(c)any person seizing the chattels or any part thereof comprised in any such instrument, in execution of the process of any court authorising the seizure of the chattels of the person by whom or concerning whose chattels such instrument was made, and against every person on whose behalf such process was issued,

so far as regards the property in or right to the possession of any chattels comprised in or affected by the instrument which, at or after the time of such bankruptcy, or of the execution by the grantor of such assignment for the benefit of his creditors, or of the execution of such process, as the case may be, and after the expiration of the period of twenty-one days are in the possession or apparent possession of the person making or giving the instrument, or of any person against whom the process was issued under or in the execution of which the instrument was made or given, as the case may be.

(2)So long as an instrument continues to be registered under this Act, the chattels comprised in that instrument shall not be deemed to be in the possession, order, or disposition of the grantor, within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Act⁸.⁸Cap. 25

14. Instruments not registered within time limit not to affect bona fide purchaser for value without notice

No unregistered instrument comprising any chattels shall, without express notice, be valid and effectual as against any bona fide purchaser or mortgagee for valuable consideration, or as against any person selling or bona fide dealing with such chattels as auctioneer or dealer or agent in the ordinary course of his business.

Part V – Instruments generally (ss. 15-22)

15. Instrument to be attested by an authorised person

Sealing shall not be essential to the validity of an instrument, but the execution by each person executing the instrument shall be attested in the prescribed manner by an authorised person.

16. Instrument deemed to be made on date of execution

Every instrument shall be deemed to be made on the date on which it is executed and, if there are more grantors than one, such date shall be the date of execution by the grantor who last executes that instrument.

17. Instrument to take effect from the date of registration

Every instrument shall take effect from the date of registration thereof.

18. Instrument to have inventory of chattels

Every instrument shall contain or shall have endorsed thereon or annexed thereto, a schedule of the chattels comprised therein, and, except as is otherwise expressly provided by this Act, shall give a good title only to the chattels described in the said schedule, and shall be void as against the persons mentioned in sections 13 and 14 hereof in respect of any chattels not so described.

19. Instrument void where grantor not owner of chattels

Except as is otherwise expressly provided by this Act, an instrument shall be void as against the persons mentioned in sections 13 and 14 in respect of any of chattels which the grantor acquires or becomes entitled to after the time of the execution of the instrument.

20. Instrument subject to defeasance, etc., void in certain cases

(1)If an instrument is made or given subject to any defeasance, condition, or declaration of trust not contained in the body thereof, that defeasance, condition, or declaration of trust shall for the purposes of this Act be taken as part of that instrument, and shall be written on the same paper or parchment on which that instrument is written, otherwise that instrument shall be void as against the persons mentioned in sections 13 and 14 so far as regards the property in or right to the possession of any chattels comprised in or affected by that instrument.

(2)In the case of a document securing the payment of the moneys or any part thereof payable by virtue of an instrument it shall not be necessary for the purposes of this section to write that document on the same paper or parchment so long as the date, names of the parties, and the nature of the security are set forth in the instrument or in some schedule thereto.

21. Saving

Nothing in sections 18, 19 and 20 shall render an instrument void in respect of any of the following chattels, that is to say—

(a)stock, wool and crops;

(b)fixtures, plant, or trade machinery where the same are used in, attached to, or brought upon any place in substitution for any of the like nature described in, or on the schedule to, such instrument.

22. Saving of laws prescribing formalities as to execution of instruments or securing rights thereunder

Nothing in this Act shall be deemed to affect any law for the time being in force—

(a)prescribing any formalities to be observed on or about the execution of instruments within the meaning of this Act; or

(b)conferring or securing any rights or claims under or in respect of any such instrument.

Part VI – Form of instruments (ss. 23-24)

23. Form of instrument by way of security

(1)Every instrument under this Act may be in the prescribed form or to the like the like effect with such variations or modifications and additions to as are expressed in the instrument.

(2)An instrument securing an account current continues in full force and effect notwithstanding that the grantor may from time to time be in credit on such account.

24. Where successive securities are given over same chattels

Where an instrument is executed after the execution of a prior instrument which has never been registered, and comprises all or any of the chattels comprised in such prior instrument, then if such subsequent instrument is given as a security for the same debt as is secured by the prior instrument, or for any part of such debt, it shall, to the extent to which it is a security for the same debt or part thereof, and so far as respects the chattels comprised in the prior instrument, be void as against the persons mentioned in sections 13 and 14 hereof, unless it is proved to the court having cognisance of the case that the subsequent instrument was bona fide given for the purpose of correcting some material error in the prior instrument, and not for the purpose of evading this Act.

Part VII – Instruments comprising stock (ss. 25-26)

25. How stock to be described

Where stock are comprised in any instrument they shall be described or referred to therein or in the schedule thereto by some brand or brands, earmark or earmarks, or other mark or marks upon them or shall be so described or referred to by sex, age, name, colour or other mode of description as to be reasonably capable of identification, otherwise the instrument shall be void as against the persons mentioned in sections 13 and 14, so far as regards such or so much of such stock as are not so described or referred to or are not reasonably capable of identification; and the land or premises on which such stock are or are intended to be depastured or kept shall be described or mentioned in such instrument or schedule.

26. Stock to include increase of stock, etc.

An instrument comprising stock shall, unless the contrary be expressed therein, be deemed to include not only the stock comprised therein as provided by section 25, but also the natural increase of such stock, and all stock of the class or classes described in the instrument, the property of the grantor, branded, earmarked, or marked as specified in the instrument, or which the grantor has covenanted or agreed by such instrument to so brand, earmark, or mark, and which after the execution of such instrument are depasturing or are at, in, or upon any lands or premises mentioned in such instrument or in the schedule thereto, or any land and premises used and worked as part of the first-mentioned land and premises, whether or not such stock be removed therefrom and the grantee shall have the same legal property and right in all stock which by force of this section are deemed to be included in the instrument as he has in the stock described in the instrument or in the schedule thereto.

Part VIII – Assignment of book and other debts (ss. 27-28)

27. Instrument may comprise book debts

(1)Book or other debts shall be deemed to be chattels situate in the place where the grantor of the instrument comprising them longest resided or carried on business during the period of six months next before the execution of the instrument.

(2)In every instrument comprising book or other debts each debt shall be deemed to be a separate chattel, and shall be described in the schedule thereto by setting forth the name of the debtor or firm of debtors and the amount of the debt, so far as is reasonably necessary to show by whom the debts are owing and every such instrument shall be void as against the persons mentioned in sections 13 and 14 in respect of any debt not so described.

(3)Nothing in this section shall apply to any debt secured or charged on land.

(4)Nothing in this section shall apply to any floating security granted by a company registered under the Companies Act⁹, over the assets of such company, provided that such security is registered in the manner required by that Act.⁹Cap. 212

28. Assignments of moneys payable to suppliers of dairy produce

(1)Nothing in section 27 shall apply to any deed or agreement in writing purporting to assign to or to authorise the grantee to receive any moneys due at the date thereof or thereafter from time to time to become due to the grantor for or in respect of any milk, cream, or butterfat, supplied by such grantor to any butter, cheese, or other factory for the manufacture of dairy products.

(2)A debt or agreement under subsection is not an instrument to which this Act applies.

Part IX – Securities over crops and wool (ss. 29-34)

29. Security may be given over crops

An instrument may be granted over the crops described or referred to therein or in the schedule thereto then actually sown or growing or planted or to be sown or grown or planted, in or upon the lands mentioned in the instrument, and shall entitle the grantee thereof to the whole of the crops therein mentioned, not only while growing, but afterwards when cut or separated from the soil, and whether stacked or stored on the land where the same were grown or on any other land or premises, or whether the nature of the crop has been altered by a process of curing or manufacture.

30. Saving of rights of landlord or mortgages

(1)No instrument shall prejudicially affect the rights of any landlord or mortgagee of any land whereon the said crops are growing, unless and so far as the landlord or mortgagee has consented in writing to such instrument.

(2)No instrument being duly registered shall be extinguished or prejudicially affected by any subsequent sale, lease, mortgage or other encumbrance of or upon the land described or referred to in the instrument or in any schedule thereto.

31. Security may be given over wool

An instrument may be granted over the wool of the next ensuring clip to be shorn from the sheep described or referred to therein, or in the schedule thereto, then depasturing upon the lands mentioned therein or in such schedule, and shall entitle the grantee to the wool of such sheep, not only while growing but afterwards when shorn from the sheep, and wherever such wool may be.

32. Wool securities not affected by sale, etc., of sheep

No subsequent sale, mortgage, or other encumbrance of or affecting the sheep mentioned in any such instrument shall extinguish, suspend, impair, or prejudicially affect that instrument if duly registered, or the rights of the grantee thereof to the wool specified or referred to therein.

33. Security may be given over wool of mortgaged sheep

The grantor of any instrument over sheep may, with the consent in writing of the grantee thereof, and so far as is authorised by such consent, but not otherwise, give to some third person a valid security on the next ensuing clip of the wool of such sheep.

34. Further provision as to security given over wool

(1)If under any instrument comprising sheep, whether that instrument has been executed before or after the commencement of this Act, the grantee shall from time to time be entitled to require the grantor to execute and give that grantee an instrument over the wool growing, or to grow, upon the sheep for the time being subject to such instrument, or be entitled to require the grantor to deliver to the grantee the wool shorn from such sheep in each year during the continuance of that instrument, then and in such case the grantee shall, during the subsistence of the registration of the first-mentioned instrument, be deemed, notwithstanding the provisions of section 31, to possess a lien of security over each clip in the same degree and manner as if an instrument in respect of the wool had been actually executed by the grantor and registered under this Act, and the lien or security shall have the consequences mentioned in section 32.

(2)In every instrument comprising sheep executed after the commencement of this Act, there shall be implied, unless such implication is expressly negatived, a covenant by the grantor to deliver to the grantee the wool shorn from the sheep in each year during the continuance of that instrument.

Part X – Entry of satisfaction (ss. 35-38)

35. Memorandum of satisfaction may be filed

(1)In the case of an instrument, upon the production to the Registrar of a memorandum of satisfaction in the prescribed form or to the like effect, signed by the grantee or his attorney, discharging the chattels comprised in the instrument or any specified part thereof from the moneys secured thereby or any specified part thereof, or from the performance of the obligation thereby secured or any specified part thereof, and on production of the instrument and payment of the prescribed fee, the Registrar shall file the memorandum and make an entry thereof in the register book on the page where the instrument is registered.

(2)The execution of the memorandum shall be attested in the prescribed manner.

(3)The Registrar may, in his discretion, dispense with the production of the instrument on proof by an affidavit to his satisfaction that the instrument has been destroyed, cannot be found, or cannot be produced.

36. Effect of filing memorandum

From and after the filing of any memorandum the debt or charge created by the instrument shall be vacated to the extent specified in the memorandum, and the interest of the grantee of the chattels expressed to be discharged shall vest in the person for the time being entitled to the equity of redemption but so far only as such interest is expressed by the memorandum to be determined, and subject to any lien or equity affecting the chattels.

37. Public Trustee may sign memorandum

Where the grantee of an instrument by way of security is absent from Tanzania and there is no person in Tanzania authorised to discharge the same on his behalf at or after the date appointed for the payment of the moneys secured by that instrument, the Public Trustee may receive the moneys in trust for the person entitled thereto, and may sign a memorandum of satisfaction in lieu of that person, and upon the filing thereof of the memorandum, signed by the Public Trustee, shall be as effectual as a memorandum signed by the person entitled to the moneys.

38. Judge may order memorandum to be filed

The High Court may, upon application made for that purpose, order a memorandum of satisfaction to be filed in respect of any instrument if it appears that the debt (if any) for which the instrument was given as security has been satisfied or discharged, or that the obligation for securing the performance of which the instrument was given has been performed; and thereupon the order may be filed by the Registrar and entered in his book in like manner as if the same were a memorandum within the meaning of section 35.

Part XI – Sales and sale of grantor's interest (ss. 39-41)

39. Sales

Chattels under this Act or any part thereof may be sold along with or separately from land (if any) mortgaged to secure payment of the same moneys as are secured by any instrument under this Act.

40. Grantor's interest in chattels may be sold in execution of judgment against him

(1)Where legal process issues against the chattels of a judgment debtor for the execution of a judgment of any court, and the said chattels, or any of them, are comprised in any instrument under this Act, the officer charged with the execution of the process may, in lieu of seizing and selling the chattels so comprised, sell the right, title and interest of the judgment debtor in the same.

(2)The grantee of the instrument, on receiving notice of the purchase of that right, title and interest, may take possession of the chattels comprised in the instrument.

(3)A grantee so taking possession shall be deemed to hold the chattels in trust for the purchaser of the said right, title and interest, subject to payment of all moneys due under the instrument.

(4)If the chattels are afterwards sold under the power of sale expressed or implied in the instrument, and any surplus remains out of the proceeds of the sale after payment of all moneys due under the instrument, the grantee shall on demand pay over that surplus to the purchaser of the said right, title and interest.

(5)If the grantee makes default, the purchaser may bring an action against him to recover the surplus, as money received to the use of the purchaser.

41. Not to affect interpleader process

Nothing in the section 40 shall be deemed to affect the right of an execution creditor to test the process validity of any instrument by interpleader.

Part XII – Implied covenants, etc. (ss. 42-47)

42. Covenants for title

There shall be implied in every instrument the covenants for title on the part of the grantor set forth in the First Schedule, and such implied covenants shall have the same effect as if the same were respectively set out at length in the instrument.

43. Covenants, etc., implied in instruments

There shall be implied in every instrument the covenants, provisos, agreements and powers set out in the Second Schedule or such of them as are applicable; and such implied covenants, provisos, agreements and powers shall, subject to any modifications of the same expressed in the instrument, have the same effect as if the same were respectively set out therein at length.

44. Meaning of abbreviated expressions

The expressions defined in section 2 hereof or in the Third Schedule as are used in any instrument, or in any of the covenants, provisos, agreements or powers implied therein by this Act, shall, unless the contrary is expressed in such instrument, or unless manifestly inconsistent with the context, have the meanings given to the same in section 2 or the Third Schedule, and such meanings shall be implied in such instrument as fully and effectually as if the same were set out therein.

45. Covenants to be several as well as joint

Where there are two or more grantors or two or more grantees of any instrument, then any covenants, conditions, provisos, agreements and powers expressed in such instrument, or implied therein by this Act, and imposing an obligation on such grantors or grantees, or enuring for the benefit of such grantors or grantees, shall, except in so far as a contrary intention appears, be deemed to impose such obligation, or confer such benefit, as the case may be, severally as well as jointly.

46. Covenants to bind executors

Except in so far as the contrary intention appears, all covenants, conditions, provisos, agreements and powers expressed in any instrument, or implied therein by this Act, shall bind the executors, administrators and assigns of the person, or the successors and assigns of a company or corporation, upon whom such covenants, conditions, provisos, agreements and powers impose an obligation, and shall operate for the benefit of the executors, administrators and assigns of the person, or the successors and assigns of the company or corporation, for whose benefit the same enure.

47. Covenants may be negatived or varied

All or any of the covenants, provisos, conditions, agreements or powers set forth in the First, Second and Third Schedules may be negatived, modified or altered, or others may be added to them, by express words in the instrument.

Part XIII – Transfers of instruments (ss. 48-49)

48. Form of transfer of instrument to executors

Every instrument may be transferred by a document in the prescribed form or the like effect, and every transferee, his executors, administrators and assigns, shall, in respect of the instrument transferred, have the same rights, powers and remedies, and be subject to the same obligations, as the transferor.

49. Registration of transfers

Transfers of instruments may be registered at any time after the execution in like manner as instruments are registered; and, in case two or more transfers of any one such instrument are executed, a registered transfer shall have priority over an unregistered transfer, and, in case two or more transfers of any one such instrument are registered, priority shall be given to such transfers in the order of their time of registration.

Part XIV – Penal provisions (ss. 50-53)

50. Attempt to defraud grantee

(a)Every grantor of an instrument under this Act who, by sale or delivery without the consent of the grantee of any chattels comprised in or affected by such instrument, or by any other means, defrauds or attempts to defraud the grantee of the same or any part thereof, and thus or by any other means directly or indirectly defeats, invalidates, or impairs the grantee's, security over the same or attempts so to do; and

(b)Every person who wilfully aids and abets any person in defrauding or attempting to defraud the grantee by defeating, invalidating, or impairing such instrument or in attempting to do so,

commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding two thousand shillings or to imprisonment for a term of six months or to both that fine and imprisonment.

51. Stamp duty payable

The stamp duty payable on an instrument under this Act, other than a receipt for the purchase money of chattels, shall be one shilling, which shall be denoted by means of an adhesive stamp duly cancelled by the person executing the instrument.

52. Authorised persons

The Minister may by notice published in the Gazette authorise any person or class of persons to attest the execution of instruments under the provisions of this Act.

53. Rules

The Minister may make rules for the better carrying out of the purposes and provisions of this Act and in particular but without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing may make rules with respect to—

(a)the authorising of persons who may attest instruments;

(b)the prescribing of the manner and form of attestation in all or any circumstances of instruments;

(c)the prescribing of any fees payable under the provisions of this Act where such fees are required to be prescribed;

(d)the prescribing of forms for use under the provisions of this Act.

First Schedule (Section 42)

Covenants for title

1.That the grantor has got right and full power to assign to the grantee the chattels purporting to be hereby assigned; and that they are free and clear from encumbrances other than such as are herein mentioned.

2.That the grantor will, at his own cost, do and execute all such acts, deeds, matters, and things for the better assigning the chattels hereby assigned, or intended so to be, as by the grantee may from time to time be reasonably required.

Second Schedule (Section 43)

Covenants, provisos and powers implied in instrument

1.That the grantor will pay to the grantee the principal, money and interest hereby secured, at the rate and at the time herein mentioned, without any deduction whatever.

2.That the grantor will also pay interest on any further advances that may be secured by this instrument, computed from the time of making the same respectively, at the rate and on the dates mentioned for the payment of interest in this instrument.

3.That the grantor will not, at any time while any moneys remain owing on his security, do or allow any act or deed whereby the chattels hereby assigned shall or may become prejudicially affected, and will at all times, while any moneys remain owing on this security, duly pay all rents from time to time coming due in respect of any lands or premises on which any of the chattels hereby assigned are for the time being situate.

4.That the grantor will at all times, while any moneys remain owing on his security, keep and maintain all and singular the chattels hereby assigned in the like good order and condition in which they are at the date hereof; and, if any of the same are damaged, or destroyed, or cease to exist, will repair such damage, or replace the chattels destroyed or ceasing to exist with other chattels of a like nature; and further will, if required so to do by the grantee, execute any instrument that may be necessary to give to the grantee security over chattels replacing the chattels which have been destroyed or have ceased to exist.

Provisos and agreements implied in instruments

5.Provided always, and it is hereby declared and agreed, that until the grantor makes default in the payment of any of the moneys hereby secured, or in the observance or performance of any covenant, condition, or agreement herein expressed or implied, and on his part to be observed and performed, or until the grantor becomes bankrupt, or until execution is levied against the goods of the grantor and such execution is not stayed or satisfied within ten days, the grantor may retain possession and use of the chattels hereby assigned.

6.Provided further that the giving by the grantor to the grantee of any bill of exchange or promissory note for the whole or any part of the money hereby secured shall not, until such bill or note is honoured or met, be considered as payment of or on account of the moneys secured by this instrument, or in any way affect or alter the rights or powers of the grantee by virtue of this instrument; and no promissory note or bill of exchange which before, at, or at any time after the execution of this instrument may be given by the grantor to the grantee for the whole or any portion of the moneys hereby secured, or the remedy thereon of the grantee or of the holder thereof, shall merge in the covenants herein expressed or implied.

Powers implied in instruments

7.Provided always, and it is hereby declared and agreed, that if default is made by the grantor in payment of any of the principal or interest moneys hereby covenanted to be paid on the day on which the same ought to be paid according to the terms hereof, or in the observance or performance of any of the covenants, conditions or agreements herein expressed or implied, and on the grantor's part to be observed and performed, or if the grantor becomes bankrupt, or if at any time execution is levied against the goods of the grantor such execution is not stayed or satisfied within ten days, then and in such case the grantee, either personally or by his agent or servants may immediately thereupon or at any time thereafter, without any further consent by the grantor, and without giving to the grantor any notice, or waiting any time, and notwithstanding any subsequent acceptance of any payment of any money due on this security, enter upon any lands or premises whereon the chattels for the time being subject to this security may be, and take possession thereof, and sell or dispose of the same or any part thereof by private sale or public auction, separately or together in such lots and generally in such manner in every respect as the grantee deems expedient, with power to allow time for payment of purchase money, or to buy in the said chattels or any part thereof at such auction, and to rescind or vary the terms of any contract or sale, and to resell without being answerable for any loss or expense occasioned thereby, and to execute all such assurances and do all such things for giving effect to any such sale as may be necessary or proper; and the receipt of the grantee or his agent shall be a sufficient discharge to any purchaser at such sale for any of the purchase money; and upon any sale purporting to be made in exercise of the powers herein expressed or implied no purchaser shall be bound to inquire as to the propriety or regularity of any such sale, or be affected by notice express or constructive that any such sale is improper or irregular.And it is hereby declared and agreed that the grantee shall stand possessed of the proceeds of any such sale upon trust, after paying thereout the costs, charges and expenses of and incidental to such taking possession, sale, and the preparation and registration of this instrument, to apply the same in reduction of the moneys then owing on the security of this instrument, including all moneys herein covenanted to be paid, notwithstanding that the same may not then have become due, or that any promissory notes or bills of exchange may then be current for the same, and to pay the balance to the grantor.

Powers, covenants, and provisions to be implied in instruments over stock

8.That during the continuance of this security, the grantee, his agents, or servants, may from time to time, and at reasonable times for that purpose, enter into and upon the said lands or premises or any other lands or premises whereon the stock for the time being subject to this security are depasturising, for the purpose of viewing the state and condition of the same; and that the grantor will upon receiving seven days' previous notice in writing delivered to him personally or addressed to him through the ordinary course of post or otherwise at his last-known place of abode in Tanzania, give, and afford to the grantee, his agents or servants, all reasonable assistance to enable the grantee, his agents or servants, to view the same accordingly.

9.That there are now depasturing upon the said lands and premises all the stock herein respectively mentioned as depasturing thereon.And that the grantor will not, during the continuance of this security, without first obtaining the grantee's consent in writing, further encumber the stock for the time being subject to this security, or change the general quality, character, or description of the same or remove the same or any part thereof from the said lands or premises, sell the same or any part thereof except in the ordinary course of business, but no sale shall be made so as to reduce the number of the stock stated in this security.And that the grantor will, during the continuance of this security, at the usual and convenient season for so doing, well and properly brand, earmark, and mark with the brand, earmark, and mark herein specified, all stock for the time being subject to this security, so that all such stock shall bear and continue to bear the brands, earmarks, and marks herein specified.And will not without the leave in writing of the grantee, brand, earmark, or mark, or permit to be branded, earmarked, or marked, any stock for the time being subject to this security with any brands, earmarks, or marks other than the brands, earmarks, or marks herein specified.And will at all times during the continuance of this security take, use, and adopt all due and proper means for keeping and maintaining all stock now depasturing or that may during the continuance of this security be brought upon the said lands or premises or any part thereof, free from disease, and in clean and healthy condition: And will at all times during the continuance of this security pay and defray all expenses in and about the good and proper conduct and management of the said lands, stock, and premises, and employ and maintain on the said lands or premises efficient and proper assistance to assist in the said conduct and management: And will every year on demand by the grantee, render and deliver to him a return or account in writing, setting forth the number, ages, and sexes of the stock for the time being subject to this security and the places where the same are depasturing or kept.

10.That all stock belonging to the grantor, branded, earmarked, or marked as aforesaid, or covenanted so to be, of which possession has been taken, under the power in that behalf herein contained, shall be subject to the same powers, provisions, declarations, and agreements as are herein expressed or implied of and concerning the stock and increase of stock herein expressed to be assigned, and may be dealt with in the same manner in all respects as if the stock of which possession is taken as aforesaid had formed part of the stock hereby assigned: And that the grantor will, at his own cost and charges, do and execute all such deeds, matters, and things as may be necessary, or as the grantee may think proper, for the further, better and more perfectly assigning and assuring to the grantee the stock, and increase of stock, and all and singular other the premises hereby assigned or intended so to be, or the stock for the time being on the said lands or premises, and any stock branded, earmarked, or marked as aforesaid, or covenanted so to be, of which possession has been taken as aforesaid, so that the same may be held by the grantee upon and for the same ends, intents, and purposes, and with, under, and subject to the same powers, provisos, agreements, and declarations as are herein expressed or implied of and concerning the stock and premises herein expressed to be assigned: And will from time to time, and at all times during the continuance of this security, pay all and singular the fees and other outgoings and payments, and perform and observe all rules and regulations, and conditions which by the owner for the time being of the said stock or premises respectively now are or shall become at any time hereafter due, payable, observable, or performable respectively: And that in case the grantor fails or neglects to pay such fees and other outgoings and payments as aforesaid, or any of them or any part thereof, the grantee may make such payments respectively: And that the grantor will from time to time and at all times hereafter, on demand, pay or cause to be paid to the grantee all sums of money paid or advanced by the grantee in or towards such payment as aforesaid, with interest for the same at the rate of eight per centum per annum from the time or respective times when the same were advanced or paid: And that in the meantime, and until such sums of money have been repaid with interest as aforesaid, the stock for the time being subject to this security shall stand charged and chargeable with the payment of the same in like manner as if the same had been principal moneys secured by this instrument.That in case the grantee exercises any power of entry or taking possession vested in him hereunder, then he, or any person or persons appointed by him for the purpose, may continue in possession of the said stock and of the lands or premises whereon the same are depasturing or kept until the sale thereof, and manage, conduct, and carry on the said lands and stock, and employ servants and assistants, and provide all necessary stores in that behalf in all respects as the grantor could do if such power had not been exercised; and the grantee for any such purpose shall be entitled without any interference by the grantor to use all branding, earmarking, marking and other implements and plant on or used in connection with the said lands or premises; and, further, that the costs, charges, and expenses of so doing, from the time of such entry and taking possession until the sale and delivery of the said stock and premises to any purchaser thereof, shall, together with interest thereon at the rate aforesaid, until payment, be a charge upon the stock for the time being subject to this security.

Power to be implied in instrument over crops

11.If the grantor does not pay to the grantee the moneys hereby secured, with interest and commission thereon as herein mentioned, at the time herein mentioned for payment of the same, the crops hereby assigned shall be gathered, carried away, and made marketable either by the grantor or by the grantee at the option of the grantee, but in either case at the expense of the grantor, and shall (if gathered by the grantor) be delivered by the grantor to the grantee or his order at the place of delivery herein mentioned (or, if no such place is mentioned in the instrument, at such place as the grantee directs); and the grantee may either sell the same in Tanzania, in one or more lots, by public auction or private contract, or partly in the one way and partly in the other, and upon such terms and conditions as to credit and otherwise as he thinks fit, or may cause the same to be shipped or exported to any place or places out of Tanzania, to be sold by his agents in the manner and on the terms aforesaid, without being responsible for any loss or deficiency occasioned either by the shipment of the said crop or by any sale or sales thereof, whether in Tanzania or elsewhere, or by the act, neglect, or default of any agent, broker, or other person; and may from the proceeds pay himself the moneys hereby secured, and any rent payable to any landlord, and any moneys payable to any mortgagee or other person that he may be compelled to pay in order to protect his security over the said crops, and all costs, mercantile, and other charges, and expenses incurred in and about the harvesting, sale, shipment and carrying away of such crops, and the storage and freight thereof, or any other account connected with the realisation thereof, and shall pay over the balance, if any, to the grantor.

Power to be implied in instrument over wool

12.If the grantor does not pay to the grantee the moneys hereby secured, with interest and commission thereon as herein mentioned, at the time herein mentioned for payment of the same, the flock of sheep mentioned in this instrument, and the increase thereof, and all other sheep, which if this instrument were an instrument by way of security over sheep would be included therein, shall be shorn either by the grantor, or by the grantee, at the option of the grantee, but in either case at the expense of the grantor, at the usual and proper season for so doing; and the wool of such sheep shall with all convenient speed be properly sorted and packed in good bales, marked with the proper brand of such wool, and shall be delivered by the grantor to the grantee or his order at the place of delivery herein mentioned (or, if no such place is mentioned in the instrument, at such place as the grantee directs); and the grantee may either sell the same in Tanzania, in one or more lots, by public auction or private contract, or partly in the one way and partly in the other, and upon such terms and conditions as to credit and otherwise as he thinks fit, or may cause the same to be shipped or exported to any place or places out of Tanzania, to be sold by his agents in the manner and on the terms aforesaid, without being responsible for any loss or deficiency occasioned either by the shipment of the said wool or by any sale or sales thereof, whether in Tanzania or elsewhere, or by the act, neglect, or default of any agent, broker, or other person; and may from the proceeds pay himself the moneys hereby secured, and any rent payable to any landlord, and any moneys payable to any mortgagee or other person that he may be compelled to pay in order to protect his security over the said wool, and all costs, mercantile, and other charges and expenses incurred in and about the shearing of the said sheep, and the packing, carrying away, sale and shipment of the said wool, or on any other account connected with the realisation thereof, and shall pay over the balance, if any, to the grantor.

Third Schedule (Section 44)

Meaning of abbreviated expressions

1.The words "upon demand" mean upon demand being made by notice in writing, signed by the person entitled to make the demand, or any agent or clerk or servant of such person, served upon whom the demand is to be made, either personally or by posting the same in a duly registered letter addressed to him at his usual or last-known place of abode in Tanzania.

2.The words "further advances" mean such further sum or sums of money as may be advanced or paid by the grantee to the grantor after the execution of this instrument, and include also such sums as may become owing by the grantor to the grantee during the continuance of this security for goods supplied, for bills and notes discounted and paid, and for other loans, credits and advances that may during the continuance of this security be made by the grantee to or for the accommodation or at the request of the grantor.

3.The words "will, upon demand, pay the balance due upon the account current between them" mean that the grantor will, on demand, pay to the grantee the balance on the account current of the grantor with the grantee for the time being owing for and on account of the moneys advanced on the execution hereof, or intended to be hereby secured, and for further advances as defined by the Chattels Transfer Act, and for interest, commission, and other lawful charges from the day of such demand being made till the actual payment thereof at the rate mentioned in this instrument without any deduction; and it is hereby declared and agreed that the said account current shall be made up with half-yearly rests on the half-yearly days mentioned for that purpose in this instrument, in each year (or, if no such days are mentioned in the instruments, then on the 31st day of March and the 30th day of September in each year), until the final balance of account is fully paid; and that this instrument shall be a continuing security for all moneys for the time being owing by the grantor to the grantee, notwithstanding that the account current between them may have at any time theretofore been in credit by payments, settlement of account, or otherwise; and also that upon every such half-yearly day interest shall be considered as converted into principal, and the balance shall be chargeable with interest as aforesaid as upon further advances and also that in making up such account interest at the rate specified in this instrument shall be calculated on the daily debtor balances; and also that upon any such demand as aforesaid, all bills of exchange or promissory notes given by the grantor to the grantee and then current may, at the option of the grantee, and shall in case of entry into possession or sale by the grantee, be considered as matured or become due, subject to a rebate of interest upon the amount thereof for the time during which the same have to run, to be calculated at the rate at which interest is payable under this instrument, and that the amount of such bills or promissory notes subject to such rebate, may be charged to the grantor in such account at the time of making such demand.

4.The words "will insure" mean that the party liable to insure will insure and at all times while this instrument remains in force will keep insured against loss or damage by fire all chattels comprised herein of a nature or kind capable of being insured against loss or damage by fire, such insurance to be effected in the name of the other party to this instrument and in some public insurance office to be approved of by him, and to be for the full amount herein specified (or, if no amount is specified, then for the full insurable value of the said chattels); and will, at the request of the other party, hand over to and deposit with him the policy of every such insurance, and produce and deliver to him the receipt or receipts for the annual or other premiums payable on account thereof; and also that all moneys received under any such insurance shall, in the event of loss or damage by fire, be laid out and expended, so far as the same extend, in making good such loss or damage or, if the instrument is given by way of security, in discharging the moneys hereby secured, if such other party so elects:Provided that, if default be made in the observance or performance of this covenant, such other party may, without prejudice to and concurrently with the powers granted to him by this instrument or otherwise by law, insure such chattels, and may forthwith recover the costs and charges of such insurance from the party liable to insure in like manner as if the same had been advanced by way of loan on the security of this instrument.

5.The words "will brand, earmark, and mark" mean that the party liable to brand, earmark, and mark, will keep all the stock subject to this security at all times while this instrument remains in force distinctly branded, earmarked and marked with the brands, earmarks and marks specified in this instrument, failing which it shall be lawful for, but not imperative on, the other party hereto to enter upon any lands or premises where any stock subject to this security are and to take possession of the same, and brand, earmark and mark the same with the brands, earmarks, and marks specified in this instrument, with the right to use all branding earmarking, marking, and other implements and plant requisite therefor, and all costs, charges and expenses occasioned to him by so doing shall be recoverable from the party liable to brand, earmark, and mark as if the same had been advanced by way of loan as a further advance on the security of this instrument.